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<title>Million Programme</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Million Programme</span></span>

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<p>The <b>Million Programme</b> (<a href="Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Miljonprogrammet</i>) was a large public housing program implemented in <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> between 1965 and 1974 by the governing <a href="Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Swedish Social Democratic Party</a> to ensure the availability of affordable, high-quality housing to all Swedish citizens. The program sought to construct one million new housing dwellings over a ten-year period, which it accomplished.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall-Viden_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-Viden-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of its intention to modernize Swedish housing, it also demolished many older buildings that national and local governments considered obsolescent, unhealthy or derelict.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>At the time, the intention to build one million new homes in a nation with a population of eight million made the Million Programme the most ambitious building programme in the world. In contrast to the <a href="Social_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Social housing">social housing</a> proposals of many other developed countries, which is <a href="Means_test" title="Means test">targeted</a> at those with low incomes, the Million Programme was a universal program intended to provide housing to Swedish people at a variety of income levels.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>The housing shortage in Sweden before the start of the programme was a major political and social issue in Sweden. Between 1860 and 1960, Sweden had transformed from an agrarian nation to a highly <a href="Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialized</a> nation, which led to a large <a href="Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> trend. The population in the countryside moved in large numbers to towns and cities after 1945. This urbanization following <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was also encouraged by the authorities and governing establishment. After the war, as Swedish industry was unharmed, cities needed workers to produce the amount of goods demanded by the rest of war-destroyed Europe. The major cities of Sweden had in many cases had their last building boom in the late-19th century and were, by 1950, much too small to accommodate the rural population then flooding into the cities.

</p><p>The increasing <a href="Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> led to demands to dramatically decrease the population density and to abolish the old <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Lort-Sverige</i></span> (Dirt Sweden). This was made possible because of the outstanding <a href="Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">growth</a> Sweden had during the <a href="Record_years" title="Record years">record years</a> (rekordåren) in the 1950s and 1960s which led to a flood of income to the national treasury. This money was used to implement social reforms. The social democratic government implemented reforms to ensure the availability of land, such as new <a href="Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">land seizure</a> rules for local authorities, as long as the landowner was planning to sell it to a private buyer. Another new law said that a municipality could build homes outside its border ("Lex Bollmora"), because rural municipalities near Stockholm could not afford to build so much.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Program">Program</h2></div>

<p>Over the lifespan of the program, 1,006,000 new dwellings were built. For the houses designed for the lowest-income group, the government would bear 66% of the initial costs and this would be repaid by the customers and residents in a 30-year period. For other categories such as students, blue collar workers, and immigrants, the government provided subsidies and incentives to building companies in order to start construction. The net result was an increase in Sweden’s housing stock of 650,000 new apartments and houses, financed through property taxes, with a general rise in housing quality.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<p>The new Million Programme residential areas were greatly inspired by early suburban neighbourhoods such as <a href="V%C3%A4llingby" title="Vällingby">Vällingby</a> and <a href="Enskede-%C3%85rsta" title="Enskede-Årsta">Årsta</a>. One of the main aims behind the planning of these residential areas was to create "good democratic citizens". The means of achieving this were to build at high quality with a good range of services including schools, nurseries, churches, public spaces, libraries, and meeting places for different groups of households. A principal aim was to mix and integrate different groups of households through the spatial mixing of tenures. Most of the apartments were of the "standard three room apartment" (two bedroom apartment) type (Swedish: <i>normaltrea</i>) of 75 m² (810 sq ft), planned for a model family of two adults and two children. The second type of apartments were the "student blocks" or "student suburbs" that were planned and built in the cities having large universities, like <a href="Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a>, <a href="Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, <a href="Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a> and <a href="Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a>. Almost 150,000 new "student apartments" were built in specially designated "student suburbs" in order to meet the needs of the rapidly increasing university student population. These student apartments were usually 1-bedroom 1-bathroom and common kitchen type dorms that were clustered together in a large suburb or neighbourhood. The ownership of the apartments were leased out to "housing companies" like Heimstaden AB who rented it out at below market rates, the rents being subsidized by the government.

</p><p>The Million Programme is sometimes equated with the construction of concentrated tower blocks. However, these areas constituted about one third of the programme's apartments. Areas with lower apartment blocks and areas with one-family houses made up about the remaining two thirds of the number of total units.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

<p>Many of Sweden's so-called <a href="Vulnerable_area_(Sweden)" title="Vulnerable area (Sweden)">vulnerable areas</a> were constructed during the Million Programme. By the end of 2023, there were 59 such areas in Sweden, with the vast majority overlapping with the Million Programme.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The program has also been criticised for architecturally dull buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall-Viden_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-Viden-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photos">Photos</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Roseng%C3%A5rd" title="Rosengård">Rosengård</a> in <a href="Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Biskopsg%C3%A5rden" title="Biskopsgården">Biskopsgården</a> in <a href="Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Flemingsberg" title="Flemingsberg">Flemingsberg</a> in <a href="Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Brandkärr in <a href="Nyk%C3%B6ping" title="Nyköping">Nyköping</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="T%C3%A4by" title="Täby">Täby</a> in <a href="Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Lind%C3%A4ngen" title="Lindängen">Lindängen</a> in <a href="Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Hagalund" title="Hagalund">Hagalund</a> in <a href="Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Hammarkullen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammarkullen">Hammarkullen</a> in <a href="Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Districts">Districts</h2></div>

<p>Some Million Programme districts:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Rinkeby" title="Rinkeby">Rinkeby</a>, <a href="Tensta" title="Tensta">Tensta</a> and <a href="Husby%2C_Stockholm" title="Husby, Stockholm">Husby</a> in <a href="Stockholm_Municipality" title="Stockholm Municipality">Stockholm Municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="Bred%C3%A4ng" title="Bredäng">Bredäng</a>, <a href="Sk%C3%A4rholmen" title="Skärholmen">Skärholmen</a> and <a href="V%C3%A5rberg" title="Vårberg">Vårberg</a> in <a href="Stockholm_Municipality" title="Stockholm Municipality">Stockholm Municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="Bagarmossen" title="Bagarmossen">Bagarmossen</a> in <a href="Skarpn%C3%A4ck_(borough)" title="Skarpnäck (borough)">Skarpnäck</a> in <a href="Stockholm_Municipality" title="Stockholm Municipality">Stockholm Municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="Bollmora" title="Bollmora">Bollmora</a> in <a href="Tyres%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyresö">Tyresö</a> (<a href="Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>).</li>

<li><a href="Fisks%C3%A4tra" title="Fisksätra">Fisksätra</a> in <a href="Nacka" title="Nacka">Nacka</a> (<a href="Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>).</li>

<li><a href="V%C3%A5rby_g%C3%A5rd_metro_station" title="Vårby gård metro station">Vårby gård</a>, <a href="Masmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Masmo">Masmo</a>, <a href="Alby%2C_Botkyrka" title="Alby, Botkyrka">Alby</a>, <a href="Fittja" title="Fittja">Fittja</a> and <a href="Hallunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallunda">Hallunda</a> in <a href="Huddinge_Municipality" title="Huddinge Municipality">Huddinge Municipality</a> and <a href="Botkyrka_Municipality" title="Botkyrka Municipality">Botkyrka Municipality</a> outside <a href="Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li>

<li><a href="Jordbro" title="Jordbro">Jordbro</a> and <a href="Brandbergen" title="Brandbergen">Brandbergen</a> in <a href="Haninge_Municipality" title="Haninge Municipality">Haninge Municipality</a> outside <a href="Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li>

<li><a href="Hallonbergen" title="Hallonbergen">Hallonbergen</a> in <a href="Sundbyberg_Municipality" title="Sundbyberg Municipality">Sundbyberg Municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="Hagalund" title="Hagalund">Hagalund</a> in <a href="Solna_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Solna Municipality">Solna Municipality</a></li>

<li>Malmvägen in <a href="Sollentuna_Municipality" title="Sollentuna Municipality">Sollentuna Municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="Hovsj%C3%B6" title="Hovsjö">Hovsjö</a>, Ronna, Geneta and Fornhöjden in <a href="S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje_Municipality" title="Södertälje Municipality">Södertälje Municipality</a></li>

<li>Hjällbo, <a href="Angered" title="Angered">Hammarkullen</a> and several others in <a href="Angered" title="Angered">Angered</a> in <a href="Gothenburg_Municipality" title="Gothenburg Municipality">Gothenburg Municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="Bergsj%C3%B6n" title="Bergsjön">Bergsjön</a> in <a href="Gothenburg_Municipality" title="Gothenburg Municipality">Gothenburg Municipality</a></li>

<li>Hisings-Backa and Kärra in <a href="Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Roseng%C3%A5rd" title="Rosengård">Rosengård</a>, <a href="Hermodsdal" title="Hermodsdal">Hermodsdal</a>, <a href="Kroksb%C3%A4ck" title="Kroksbäck">Kroksbäck</a>, <a href="Bellevueg%C3%A5rden" title="Bellevuegården">Bellevuegården</a>, <a href="Lorensborg" title="Lorensborg">Lorensborg</a>, <a href="Lind%C3%A4ngen" title="Lindängen">Lindängen</a>, <a href="H%C3%B6ja%2C_Malm%C3%B6" title="Höja, Malmö">Höja</a>, <a href="Lindeborg" title="Lindeborg">Lindeborg</a> and <a href="Holma%2C_Malm%C3%B6" title="Holma, Malmö">Holma</a> in <a href="Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li>

<li>Komarken in <a href="Kung%C3%A4lv" title="Kungälv">Kungälv</a></li>

<li>Kronogården in <a href="Trollh%C3%A4ttan" title="Trollhättan">Trollhättan</a></li>

<li>Kronoparken in <a href="Karlstad" title="Karlstad">Karlstad</a></li>

<li><a href="Ryd%2C_Link%C3%B6ping" title="Ryd, Linköping">Ryd</a>, <a href="Johannelund" title="Johannelund">Johannelund</a>, <a href="Ekholmen" title="Ekholmen">Ekholmen</a>, <a href="Berga%2C_Link%C3%B6ping" title="Berga, Linköping">Berga</a>, and <a href="Sk%C3%A4ggetorp" title="Skäggetorp">Skäggetorp</a> in <a href="Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a></li>

<li><a href="Gottsunda" title="Gottsunda">Gottsunda</a>, <a href="Flogsta" title="Flogsta">Flogsta</a> and Eriksberg in <a href="Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li>

<li><a href="Herts%C3%B6n_(district)" title="Hertsön (district)">Hertsön</a> in <a href="Lule%C3%A5" title="Luleå">Luleå</a></li>

<li>Araby in <a href="V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6" title="Växjö">Växjö</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%85lidhem" title="Ålidhem">Ålidhem</a> and <a href="Mariehem" title="Mariehem">Mariehem</a> in <a href="Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%85rby" title="Årby">Årby</a> in <a href="Eskilstuna" title="Eskilstuna">Eskilstuna</a></li>

<li>Hässleholmen and Norrby in <a href="Bor%C3%A5s" title="Borås">Borås</a></li>

<li>Råslätt in <a href="J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping</a></li>

<li>Ryd, Skövde in <a href="Sk%C3%B6vde" title="Skövde">Skövde</a></li>

<li><a href="Hageby" title="Hageby">Hageby</a> and Navestad in <a href="Norrk%C3%B6ping" title="Norrköping">Norrköping</a></li>

<li>Ekön in <a href="Motala" title="Motala">Motala</a></li>

<li>Norrliden in <a href="Kalmar" title="Kalmar">Kalmar</a></li>

<li>Linero, <a href="Norra_F%C3%A4laden" title="Norra Fäladen">Norra Fäladen</a> and Klostergården in <a href="Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a></li>

<li>Korsbacka in <a href="K%C3%A4vlinge" title="Kävlinge">Kävlinge</a></li>

<li>Skogslyckan and Dalaberg in <a href="Uddevalla" title="Uddevalla">Uddevalla</a></li>

<li>Rosta in <a href="%C3%96rebro" title="Örebro">Örebro</a></li>

<li>Andersberg and Sätra in <a href="G%C3%A4vle" title="Gävle">Gävle</a></li>

<li>Körfältet in <a href="%C3%96stersund" title="Östersund">Östersund</a></li>

<li>Kungshall in <a href="Nybro" title="Nybro">Nybro</a></li>

<li>Drottninghög, <a href="Fredriksdal" title="Fredriksdal">Fredriksdal</a> and <a href="Dalhem" title="Dalhem">Dalhem</a> (Belgium) in <a href="Helsingborg" title="Helsingborg">Helsingborg</a></li>

<li>Nacksta in <a href="Sundsvall" title="Sundsvall">Sundsvall</a></li>

<li><a href="Tj%C3%A4rna_%C3%84ngar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjärna Ängar">Tjärna Ängar</a> in <a href="Borl%C3%A4nge" title="Borlänge">Borlänge</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Large-panel-system_building" title="Large-panel-system building">Large-panel-system building</a> (Germany)</li>

<li><a href="Panelh%C3%A1z" title="Panelház">Panelház</a> (Hungary)</li>

<li><a href="Panel%C3%A1k" title="Panelák">Panelák</a> and <a href="S%C3%ADdlisko" title="Sídlisko">Sídlisko</a> (Czech Republic and Slovakia)</li>

<li><a href="Khrushchevka" title="Khrushchevka">Khrushchevka</a> (Former Soviet Union)</li>

<li><a href="Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">Housing estate</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Subsidized_housing" title="Subsidized housing">Subsidized housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Subsidized_housing_in_the_United_States" title="Subsidized housing in the United States">Subsidized housing in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Section_8_(housing)" title="Section 8 (housing)">Section 8</a> (USA)</li>

<li><a href="Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">Affordable housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">Social welfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li>

<li><a href="Tower_block" title="Tower block">Tower block</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulnerable_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerable area">Vulnerable area</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The program also demolished many older buildings, so the net increase in the housing stock was not one million but roughly 650,000.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A defining feature of the <a href="Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Swedish welfare state</a> has long been its emphasis on universalism.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, beginning in the last decades of the 20th century Swedish housing policy shifted its focus more towards support to low-income households and depressed neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFHallVidén2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Thomas; Vidén, Sonja (July 2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02665430500130233">"The Million Homes Programme: a review of the great Swedish planning project"</a></span>. <i>Planning Perspectives</i>. <b>20</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">301–</span>328. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PlPer..20..301H">2005PlPer..20..301H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02665430500130233">10.1080/02665430500130233</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154380408">154380408</a> – via Taylor & Francis Online.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVerkasaloHirvonen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Verkasalo, Aino; Hirvonen, Jukka (June 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02665433.2017.1299635">"Post-war urban renewal and demolition fluctuations in Sweden"</a></span>. <i>Planning Perspectives</i>. <b>32</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">425–</span>435. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PlPer..32..425V">2017PlPer..32..425V</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02665433.2017.1299635">10.1080/02665433.2017.1299635</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:114195047">114195047</a> – via Taylor & Francis Online.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLundbergÅmark2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lundberg, Urban; Åmark, Klas (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/034687501750303837">"Social Rights and Social Security: The Swedish Welfare State, 1900–2000"</a></span>. <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i>. <b>26</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">157–</span>176. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F034687501750303837">10.1080/034687501750303837</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17844640">17844640</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30803271">30803271</a> – via Taylor & Francis Online.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBengtsson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bengtsson, Bo (November 2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9477.00056">"Housing as a Social Right: Implications for Welfare State Theory"</a></span>. <i>Scandinavian Political Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">255–</span>275. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9477.00056">10.1111/1467-9477.00056</a> – via Wiley Online Library.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHolmqvistTurner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Holmqvist, Emma; Turner, Lena Magnusson (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10901-013-9391-0">"Swedish welfare state and housing markets: under economic and political pressure"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Housing and the Built Environment</i>. <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>254. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10901-013-9391-0">10.1007/s10901-013-9391-0</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254703820">254703820</a> – via SpringerLink.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHatherly2013" class="citation web cs1">Hatherly, Owen (June 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/16/sweden-housing-programme-privatisation">"How Sweden's innovative housing programme fell foul of privatisation"</a>. <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220402164449/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/16/sweden-housing-programme-privatisation">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2022.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tyreso.se/Se-och-gora/Upptack-Tyreso/Kulturhistoriska-miljoer/Tyreso-centrum-och-Bollmora/">Tyresö centrum och Bollmora</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302085343/http://www.tyreso.se/Se-och-gora/Upptack-Tyreso/Kulturhistoriska-miljoer/Tyreso-centrum-och-Bollmora/">Archived</a> 2016-03-02 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Swedish)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigtunahem.se/Om-SigtunaHem/Historik/Allmannyttan4/">Sigtunahem om allmännyttan och miljonprogrammet.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113090756/http://www.sigtunahem.se/Om-SigtunaHem/Historik/Allmannyttan4/">Archived</a> 2013-11-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/har-ar-polisens-nya-lista-med-utsatta-omraden--gtr9o5">"Här är polisens nya lista med utsatta områden"</a>. <i><a href="SVT_Nyheter" class="mw-redirect" title="SVT Nyheter">SVT Nyheter</a></i> (in Swedish). 2023-12-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512111357/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/har-ar-polisens-nya-lista-med-utsatta-omraden--gtr9o5">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fastighetstidningen.se/%EF%BF%BCny-lista-over-utsatta-omraden/">"Ny lista över utsatta områden"</a>. <i>Fastighetstidningen</i> (in Swedish). 2024-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polisen.se/aktuellt/nyheter/nationell/2023/december/farre-utsatta-omraden-men-hog-problemniva/">"Färre utsatta områden men hög problemnivå"</a>. <i>polisen.se</i> (in Swedish). 2023-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Panel_buildings_by_country30" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Panel_building" title="Panel building">Panel buildings</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Czechia and Slovakia: <a href="Panel%C3%A1k" title="Panelák">Panelák</a></li>

<li>Germany: <a href="Large-panel-system_building" title="Large-panel-system building">Large-panel-system building</a>

<li>Hungary: <a href="Panelh%C3%A1z" title="Panelház">Panelház</a></li>

<li>Mongolia: <a href="Ugsarmal_bair" title="Ugsarmal bair">Ugsarmal bair</a></li>

<li>Romania: <a href="Bloc_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloc (Romania)">Bloc</a>

<ul><li>during <a href="Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">Systematization</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Russia: <a href="Panel_buildings_in_Russia" title="Panel buildings in Russia">Panelny dom</a>

<ul><li><a href="Khrushchevka" title="Khrushchevka">Khrushchevka</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Sweden: </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Prefabricated_building" title="Prefabricated building">Prefabricated building</a></li>

<li><a href="Prefabricated_home" title="Prefabricated home">Prefabricated home</a></li>

<li><a href="Hollow-core_slab" title="Hollow-core slab">Hollow-core slab</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-26" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Million_Programme&oldid=1302633799">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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